Essay on Two Brands of Nihilism - 1537 Words

Two Brands of Nihilism As philosopher and poet Nietzsches work is not easily conformable to the traditional schools of thought within philosophy. However, an unmistakable concern with the role of religion and values penetrates much of his work. Contrary to the tradition before him, Nietzsche launches vicious diatribes against Christianity and the dualistic philosophies he finds essentially life denying. Despite his early tutelage under the influence of Schopenhauers philosophy, Nietzsche later philosophy indicates a refusal to cast existence as embroiled in pessimism but, instead, as that which should be affirmed, even in the face of bad fortune. This essay will study in further detail Nietzsche view of Schopenhauer and†¦show more content†¦Good and evil are not the approbation or prohibition against certain actions, rather, such doctrine codifies self hatred and begs the rejection of â€Å"human nature†. Christianity goes beyond a denial of just the flesh and blood of the body to do away with the whole of the world. In Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche suggests in several places, that the world is falsified when dictated by the tenets of dualistic philosophies, with emphasis on Christianity. How the â€Å"True World† Finally Became Fable, a section in Twilight of the Idols, is subtitled â€Å"The History of an Error†, for it supposes to give a short rendering of how the â€Å"true world† is lost in the histories of disfiguring philosophies that posit otherworldly dualistic metaphysics. First, Platos vision of the realm of forms. â€Å"The true world - attainable for the sage, the pious, the virtuous man†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , a feasible world, achievable through piety and wisdom. A world a man may come to know, at least possible for the contemplative and diligent student.In this early imagining the world is not entirely lost yet, it is however, removed from the â€Å"concrete† world. A world hardly accessible but by the few who might escape the cave. The first realization of nihilism is the denial of the sensuous world for the really real. The idea of the true world removed is then characterized as the Christian world.â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedExistentialism : A Philosophical Movement907 Words   |  4 Pagesworks, Either/Or, Kierkegaard outlines two approaches to life, the aesthetic and the ethical. Kierkegaard doesn’t encourage one way of life or the other, and it is said that this work reflects the anguished position of all humanity. We are forced to choose for ourselves and create ourselves through our choices. This type of existentialism is focused on determining which course of life to choose, and knowing that each person has the freedom to choose between the two. This type of existentialism matchesRead MoreHow Has The Shocking Anti Fashion?1447 Words   |  6 Pagesof interest in fashion, She explains how we should celebrate clothes rather than the fashion of today. I will also refer to Malcolm Banard and his view on anti fashion in his academic books ‘Fashion Theory’ and ‘Fashion as communication’. In section two ‘Alexander McQueen a nd Anti Fashion’ I will talk about Alexander McQueens impact he had on the fashion industry through his controversial, shocking fashion shows through to his anti fashion collections. I will refer to Ted Stansfield, Editor at DazedRead More Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s Cats Cradle Essay3320 Words   |  14 Pagesbefore the novel was published, America experienced the Cuban missile crisis. This time period was also punctuated by the impending conflict in Vietnam; the Vietcong were established and ready to fight. These two historical stress points may have triggered Vonneguts mental work. Interestingly, the two examples given are both located in tropical settings; Cuba in particular is similar to San Lorenzo in Vonneguts Caribbean description. Moreover, Freuds idea of harking back to an earlier experience mayRead MoreIdentity In Good Country People1559 Words   |  7 Pagesstory â€Å"Good Country People† written by Flannery O’connor. The theme itself is dependent where as the characters are independent of each other. The characters behaviors build within each other. Firstly, the main character in this short story is thirty two year old Joy who is now known as Hulga. Her character is described as vulnerable to other people but in her eyes is seen as superior to every other character. The feeling of superiority plays a role with her numerous degrees in philosophy. The perspectiveRead MoreThe United States Made History1678 Words   |  7 Pagescountry has demonized political professionals, parties, party leaders and party elders, leaving our political system vulnerable to viruses like Ted Cruz, Bernie Sanders, and Donald Trump. 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But Knight went to extremesRead MoreOverview of Terrorist Organizations: Al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo3113 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Codex: Two Terrorist Organizations Al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo Al Qaeda: Origins People too commonly forget that the story of Al-Qaeda is very much the story of Osama Bin Laden: so much of the development and evolution of Al-Qaeda truly is dependent on this one man. Thus, this means that their narratives are forever intertwined. The primary founder of Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, was born in July 1957, the seventeenth of twenty sons of a Saudi construction magnate of Yemeni origin. Many SaudisRead MoreLooming Tower4335 Words   |  18 Pagesinterviews held, a bibliography and a clear bibliography for those who would love research the topic more. He also uses pictures of the main characters in the book, so that a reader can see the person being discussed. The book can be divided into two major parts with the first part focusing on giving the reader a comprehensive background and beginnings of militant Islam and the terror group Al Qaeda. In the book’s first three chapters, the writer writes bibliographies of three important personsRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 Pagessimulations of the real. Many works of fiction have dealt with this aspect of postmodernity with characteristic irony and pastiche. For example, Don DeLillos White Noise presents characters who are bombarded with a â€Å"white noise† of television, product brand names, and clichà ©s. The cyberpunk fiction of William Gibson, Neal Stephenson, and many others use science fiction techniques to address this postmodern, hyperreal information bombardment.[21][22][23] Paranoia Perhaps demonstrated most famously

The Impact Of Globalization On Developing Countries

Globalization is a difficult word to define, simply because it means many different things to many different people. In general, however, globalization refers to the fact that world economies and cultures have become increasingly integrated over the past two or three decades. More specifically, the world has seen a significant increase in the flow of goods through international trade, access to foreign financial capital, movement of human capital across borders, and the transfer of technology, information, and cultural symbols. Developing countries, ones in which the majority of people lives on far less money and with far fewer basic public services than the population in highly industrialized ones, have become much more integrated in to the world economy as a result of this complex process. In what follows, this paper will first provide a brief overview of globalization. Subsequently, it will examine both the theoretical and actual effects of globalization on developing countries. T he primary areas of focus will be financial integration and access to global capital, trade openness and GDP, the effects of foreign direct investment and government ideologies on income inequality, and emigration. I argue that although economic theory and research suggest that increased access to foreign capital and trade openness may be beneficial to the overall economic growth of developing countries, the effects of globalization at the level of human capital and well-being, such as onShow MoreRelatedGlobalization And Its Impact On Developing Countries872 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization can be defined as an intensive form of worldwide interconnectedness that facilitates the flow of capital, humans, commodities, technology, information, symbols and values due to the advancement worldwide systems of transport and communication. 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Sociology Ethnicity and Crime Free Essays

Using material from Item B and elsewhere, assess explanations for apparent ethnic differences in involvement in crime (21 Marks) According to official statistics, ethnic minorities are largely linked to crime and their involvement if often over exaggerated. Item B shows that black people make up 11% of the prison population, despite the fact they make up just 2. 8% of the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology: Ethnicity and Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whilst, Asians make up 4. 7% of the population yet 6% of the prison population. These statistics emphasise that ethnic minorities are over-represented in the criminal justice system, and so the use of alternate sources of statistics may help show a more accurate picture. Victim surveys ask individuals what crimes they have been victims of and help identify the correlation between ethnicity and offending. They tend to show a great deal of intra- ethnic crime but also include several limitations as they rely on victims memory of events which could result in over- identifying certain ethnic groups as the offender. Whereas, self- report studies ask individuals to disclose their own dishonest and violent behaviour. The findings of self- report studies challenge the stereotypes of black people as being more likely than whites to offend. However, self-report studies also have their own limitations as inconsistency is shown through the evidence of ethnicity and offending. There are ethnic differences at each stage of the criminal justice process. Policing is often seen to be oppressive, as members of ethnic minorities are more likely to be stopped and searched with Asians being twice more likely than blacks to be stopped by the police. Feature Article –  Sociology Test These allegations have meant ethnic minorities have limited faith in the police and therefore feel under protected. Police racism is one of the many causes behind stop and searches with the MacPherson report identifying institutional racism within the police force. These types of racist behaviour and stereotypes are endorsed and upheld by the â€Å"canteen culture† of rank and file officers and lead to deliberate targeting of stop and searches. In 2007, just over a quarter of the male prison population were from minority ethnic groups. As such, blacks were five times more likely to be in prison than whites while blacks and Asian offenders are more likely than whites to serve longer prison sentences. This is because ethnic minorities are less likely to be granted bail while awaiting trial. The official statistics on the criminal justice process shows striking differences between ethnic groups, and these patterns have been examined by left realists and neo- Marxists. Left realists, Lea and Young focus on the statistics which represent real differences in rates of offending by different ethnic groups. They argue that crime is the product of relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation whereby racism has led to the marginalisation and economic exclusion of ethnic minorities, who face a higher level of poverty and unemployment etc. In contribution to this, the media’s emphasis on consumerism promotes relative deprivation amongst ethnic groups, who are unable to attain these materialistic goods by legitimate means. This results into the formation of delinquent subcultures, most notable amongst unemployed black males. Utilitarian crimes are most likely to come of this, such as theft and robbery as a means of coping with relative deprivation. As these groups are likely to be marginalised, it means they are also likely to express their frustrations through non-utilitarian crime such as violence or rioting- this explains the involvement with crime by ethnic groups. Lea and Young acknowledge that the police may act in unjust ways but they don’t believe that discriminatory policing fully explains the differences in the statistics. Evidence to support this is that 90% of crime is reported to the police by the public rather than discovered by the police themselves. Lea and Young conclude their argument that the statistics represent real differences in levels of offending between ethnic groups, and that these are caused by real differences in levels of relative deprivation and marginalisation. Despite this, Lea and Young are criticised on several grounds that arrest rates for Asians may be lower than that of Blacks yet this isn’t because they are less likely to offend but because police stereotype the two differently. On the other hand, neo- Marxism tends to view statistics as a social construct resulting from racist labelling and discrimination in the criminal justice system. Item B brings to light Gilroy’s argument over the myth of black criminality that â€Å"black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes of African Caribbean’s. In reality, this group is no more criminal than any other. However, as a result of the police and criminal justice system acting on these racist stereotypes, ethnic minorities come to be criminalized and therefore appear in greater numbers in the official statistics†. The item helps us understand the extent of stereotypes and its effects on ethnic groups, yet Gilroy furthers his argument by identifying working class crime is a political act of resistance to capitalism and a racist society. Lea and Young refute Gilroy’s argument, by suggesting that most crime is intra- ethnic, so it can’t be seen as an anti-colonial struggle against racism. Lea and Young also criticise Gilroy for romanticizing street crime as somehow revolutionary, when it’s nothing of the sort. Moreover, Stuart Hall et al also adopts a neo- Marxist perspective and found that the 1970’s saw a moral panic over black â€Å"muggers† that served the interests of capitalism. As unemployment and strikes were increasing, the ruling class needed to use force to maintain social control. In their view, the emergence of the black mugger and the capitalist crisis was no coincidence, as the black mugger was used a scapegoat to distract attention from true causes of problems such as unemployment. By presenting black youth as a threat to society, the moral panic began dividing the working class on racial grounds. However, Hall et al doesn’t argue that black crime was solely a product of media and police labelling. The crisis of capitalism was increasingly marginalising black youth through unemployment which resulted them into committing petty crime as a means of survival. Hall et al’s study of policing the crisis was criticised for not presenting how the capitalist crisis led to a moral panic, nor do they provide evidence that the public were blaming crime on blacks. During recent years, the focus of ethnicity and crime has largely been on the over representation of black people in the criminal justice system. However, more recently there has been shift in other issues such as the racist victimisation of ethnic minorities. Racist victimisation was brought into greater public focus with the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence and the police handling of the case, where most information is brought to life by victim surveys such as the British Crime Survey. The British Crime Survey found that most crimes go unreported and found that the risk of being a victim varies by ethnic group, whereby statistics showed that people from mixed ethnic backgrounds had a higher risk (36%) of becoming a victim of rime than blacks, Asians and whites faced. While the statistics recorded the instances of victimisation, they do not necessarily capture the victims’ experience of it. Sampson and Phillips note, racist victimisation tends to be on going over time, with repeated minor instances of abuse and harassment interwoven with incidents of physical violence. This has led minority ethnic communities becoming more active in responding to victimisation, with situational crime prevention measures to organised self- defence campaigns taking place. Such responses need to be understood in the context of accusations of under- protection by the police, who fail to record or investigate reported incidents properly. The Macpherson enquiry into the Stephen Lawrence case concluded that the police investigation into death of the black teenager was â€Å"marred by a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers†. Ultimately, we have learnt the differences in ethnicity and crime but have established ethnic minorities also becoming subjected to victimisation. How to cite Sociology: Ethnicity and Crime, Essay examples